Ann Child Neurol > Volume 32(1); 2024 > Article |
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Author contribution
Conceptualization: CPT and LW. Data curation: CPT, LW, EHT, and AMG. Formal analysis: CPT, LW, EHT, AMG, and NMDP. Methodology: CPT and LW. Writing-original draft: CPT. Writing-review & editing: CPT, LW, EHT, AMG, and NMDP.
Study | Study design | Score | Total score | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Selection | Comparability | Exposure | |||
Amlie-Lefond et al. (2009) [10] | Case-control | 3 | 2 | 2 | 7 |
Rafay et al. (2020) [11] | Case-control | 4 | 2 | 2 | 8 |
Chiang et al. (2018) [12] | Cohort | 4 | 1 | 3 | 8 |
Gerstl et al. (2018) [13] | Cohort | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 |
Ghofrani et al. (2018) [14] | Cohort | 3 | 0 | 2 | 5 |
Study | Country or region | Population | Sample size (n) | AIS-related factor | Type of arteriopathy | Arteriopathy-related factor |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amlie-Lefond et al. (2009) [10] | United States, North America, South America, Europe, Australia, Asia | Children 29 days to 19 years old with AIS, confirmed by clinical and radiographic data | 278 | Arteriopathy | Focal cerebral arteriopathy (n=69) | Age 6-9 years (OR, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.32-3.04; P=0.001) |
Moyamoya (n=61) | Male sex (OR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.55-1.11; P=0.175) | |||||
Arterial dissection (n=56) | Sickle cell disease (OR, 3.89; 95% CI, 1.67-9.06; P=0.013) | |||||
Vasculitis (n=33) | Cardiac disease (OR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.23-0.52; P<0.0001) | |||||
Sickle cell disease (n=21) | ||||||
Post-varicella angiopathy (n=19) | ||||||
Unspecified vasculopathy (n=9) | ||||||
Other (n=19) | ||||||
Rafay et al. (2020) [11] | North America, South America, Europe, Australia, Asia | Children 1 month to 18 years old with AIS, presenting with acute neurological deficit and confirmed by radiologic pattern of arterial ischemia | 725 | Arteriopathy | Arterial dissection (n=193) | Age 6-9 years (OR, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.76-2.95; P=0.029) |
Moyamoya (n=177) | Male sex (OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.86-1.24) | |||||
Vasculitis (n=111) | Sickle cell disease (OR, 3.34; 95% CI, 2.19-5.08; P=0.007) | |||||
Focal cerebral arteriopathy (n=110) | Cardiac disease (OR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.21-0.35) | |||||
Other (n=134) | ||||||
Chiang et al. (2018) [12] | Taiwan | Children under 18 years old registered as having AIS in ICD-9 coding data | 247 | Arteriopathy (n=73) | Moyamoya (n=20) | - |
Infection (n=38) | Vasculitis (n=15) | |||||
Cardiac disorder (n=25) | NF-1-related vascular dysplasia (n=4) | |||||
Hemato-oncological disorder (n=33) | Cerebral aortic aneurysm (n=18) | |||||
Severe renal disorder (n=28) | AV malformation (n=2) | |||||
Anoxic brain injury (n=7) | Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (n=1) | |||||
Prematurity (n=7) | Cerebral atherosclerosis (n=1) | |||||
Non-abusive head trauma (n=6) | Carotid artery stenosis (n=1) | |||||
Metabolic disorder (n=6) | Vertebral artery occlusion (n=1) | |||||
Retardation of physiological development or nutritional problems (n=5) | Cerebral artery occlusion (n=6) | |||||
Volume depletion (n=5) | Other unmentioned cerebral vascular anomaly (n=4) | |||||
Abusive head trauma or shaken baby (n=5) | ||||||
CNS anomaly (n=4) | ||||||
Mitochondrial disease (n=2) | ||||||
Other traumatic injuries (n=2) | ||||||
Chromosome or congenital anomaly (n=1) | ||||||
Other sequelae of previous brain damage (n=12) | ||||||
Gerstl et al. (2018) [13] | Germany | Children from 28 days to 18 years old with AIS, diagnosed by a pediatric neurologist and identified using ESPED | 111 | Cardiac disorder (n=24) | Primary CNS vasculitis (n=1) | - |
Prothrombotic state (n=28) | Para-/post-infectious vasculitis (n=4) | |||||
Arteriopathy (n=21) | Arterial dissection (n=9) | |||||
Acute systemic condition (n=9) | Moyamoya (n=4) | |||||
Hemato-oncological disorder (n=9) | SLE (n=2) | |||||
Chronic head and neck disorder (n=9) | Other (n=1) | |||||
Metabolic disorder (n=1) | ||||||
Other (n=10) | ||||||
Ghofrani et al. (2018) [14] | Iran | Pediatric patients 0-18 years old with AIS, confirmed by brain MRI | 62 | Cardiac disorder (n=13) | Moyamoya (n=7) | - |
Arteriopathy (n=11) | Other (n=4) | |||||
Infection (n=2) | ||||||
Acute systemic condition (n=2) | ||||||
Chronic systemic condition (n=4) | ||||||
Prothrombotic state (n=3) | ||||||
Acute head and neck disorder (n=1) | ||||||
Other (n=26) |
AIS, arterial ischemic stroke; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; ICD-9, International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision; NF-1, neurofibromatosis type I; AV, arteriovenous; ESPED, German Paediatric Surveillance Unit; CNS, central nervous system; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.